WISE, "World wide Information Support for R&D; Efforts" is a project funded by the European Commission, Directorate General XIII-B. WISE started in January 1994 and ended in December 1994. Its main objective is to link research communities and small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), especially from less favoured regions of the European Union, to other communities in Europe, providing European wide access to distributed information. The intention of WISE is to inform about R&D; activities.
I'M-EUROPE was conceived as an instrument to promote the development of the European electronic information Market and, hence make a significant contribution to the electronic information superhighway. In this respect it follows the White Paper's suggestion that new services should be conceived so as to promote economic growth and stimulate the creation of jobs.
As we have found out, hard data (descriptions) on some 100000 pieces of software is available on the Internet. This software is archived in the so called software archives. Best known are SimTel, Cica, Hobbes, SunSite etc. Archive is a library which not only stores files but also their descriptions. Typically, archives are mirrored to reduce the load on the original site. We used that data to create the Virtual Shareware Library (VSL) at http://www.fagg.uni-lj.si/SHASE/ - a catalogue which includes large majority of described files available on the Internet. The associated search and delivery engine (SHASE) uses the WWW for a user friendly interface.
Ping is a virtual landscape created interactively by the Users of the Internet. A virtual camera device called eye agent automatically renders a flight through that landscape, which is broadcasted on TV. The potential feedback loop of the TV-watching Internet User creates notable dynamics and dramaturgy of this self generating movie.
HyperSpace is a prototype World-Wide Web visualiser that can be used to display the organisation of areas of the web. It structures the information not according to geographical location, but according to a user-defined structure, which means that related topics are displayed adjacent to each other, and unrelated topics are spatially separated. Each page on the web is represented as a sphere, and links from one page to another are represented as links between the spheres. These spheres and links are placed into a 3-d virtual reality system, initially randomly. The chaotic and unstructured mesh of nodes and links is then allowed to self-organise according to some imposed physics within the reality. Nodes repel each other, whilst links provide an attractive force. Thus, unrelated areas that do not have links between them are pushed apart, whilst highly-interrelated work is pulled together and clustered in the same region of space. Characteristic structures form that serve as landmarks to aid and guide the navigation process. From any page that has been visited, HyperSpace provides a view of all the pages that are linked to that node; when you encounter a page for the first time you can immediately see all the other pages that lead away from it; the viewer also shows all the incoming links from any of the other pages that it knows about.
Keywords: Web Size, Information Discovery and Retrieval
We will demonstrate navigation in the WWW and the MMF using the BWON Browser . Furthermore, importing and converting information found in the WWW into the local editorial SGML database system (the MMF) will be shown.
3WGenCat means World-Wide Web General Catalogue. It includes two program groups: the first one generates and builds an indexed database from an original ASCII format archive; the second one gives immediately access to the database from any WWW client. Moreover the client can use only one query to scan automatically a lot of databases. These latter can be detached on different servers. In fact the first program group is also able to create a database-network (databases with the same structure but not stored in the same server) and the "html form" that the clients will use to insert the query. 3WGenCat can also change the organization of the original database: more or less fields, new fields order and length, new fieldnames. Because of a configuration INI file, the manager can easily modify anything. When the user inserts the query, WWW components of 3WGenCat allow to link the client with the server/s by using some sophisticated "on the fly" html forms. These latter are automatically able to send the query to the other servers that the client has previously chosen. 3WGenCat will manage the queries, will search for the data and will display the results in different formats. The results of the searching can be displayed in html, text and standard format. In html format it is possible to obtain either a synthetic list (each item will be hyper linked with the whole record) or an expanded list of data; in text format the records are displayed without control characters; Standard format is a special output of the records set by the managers of the database-network.
The World-Wide Web (WWW) offers new solutions to growing problems in managing information generated by large technical development efforts. At NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), coordination and exchange of program information has, in the past, been inefficient and time-consuming. Problems become increasingly difficult managing international space projects. A data management system based on the WWW solves these problems. The initial implementation is currently being used at GSFC to manage collaborative space exploration projects like the Cassini/Composite Infrared Spectrometer.
A number of powerful technologies which prove to be very effective for 'on-site' education are still not implemented within the WWW framework. One of these technologies is Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) technology. This paper discusses some ways of bringing ITS technology to WWW. We review briefly two techniques from the domain of ITS which could be creatively used with WWW and introduce the MSU project on creating ITS authoring tools for WWW.
Dermatologic diagnosis and differential diagnosis are based on the recognition of clinical and histopathological features. Due to this high quality images for reference are of great importance. Global cooperation is required to collect exceptional images and to develop standardized key systems for archiving and retrieval of images. We here present the initial implementation of a multicentered, WWW-based, dermatologic image database.
Keywords: Virtual Places, CSCW, Text/Audio Communication, Guided Tours
Environmental change analysis involves complex multivariable system and data structures models, where complexity assumes a special dimension in the transitional lagoon ecosystem. These are especcially difficult to study in a consistent manner because considerable and relevant changes happen and interfere with human perception of phenomena and human acquisition and assimilation times of each event. A major problem in the use of available data is the fragmentation of existing "databases" and complex duplication histories of data sets through various private and pubblic bodies. Furthermore a the lack of information on quality and the absence of error analysis and more specifically the lack of time reference and of any temporal validation, consitutes an impediment to reliable research progress. In the context of the Venitian Lagoon System Project of the Istituto Universitario di Architettura - Venezia, the Thematic Data Unit (Director Prof. A. Bianchin) is designing and developing a prototype of a thematic and environmental geographic information system on the lagoon and adjoining areas. The main task accomplished as preliminary works include the creation of metadata database thus allowing researchers to have an overview of the present situation.
Our goal is to create a familiar looking, easy-to-use environment for non-professional computer users. This environment allows free interaction between newly emerging media and everyday activities in our workplaces. At present, we are facing a rapid expansion of multimedia and the extensive use of the Internet for business purposes. A term Context-based use of the media is used to describe current development on workplaces. Entrepreneurs who do not use computers and computer networks in their work as a primary tool need simple computer mediated environments and tools. They want to be in control over their computers and, especially, over their workplace.
IGD is an international project ( funded by the Commission of the European Union, contract GENE-CT93-0003, within the Human Genome Analysis Programme) aimed at developing an information management system for human genome researchers. As a database, IGD integrates and references genome related data from public sources, called Resource End Databases (IGD-REDs). These include GDB, OMIM, EMBL, GenBank, SWISS-PROT, PIR, RLDB, DNA Probe Bank, EUROGEM, CEPH-Genethon, CHLC, and several other databases, also on the mouse and farm animals. Resource databases are very heterogeneous in terms of their underlying data models and database managment systems, and they are completely autonomous - no collaboration is required from a potential RED site to become integrated into IGD. Data from the IGD-REDs are periodically collected, reformatted, and exported to several IGD servers, called Target End Databases (IGD-TEDs). All the IGD-TEDs have the same conceptual schema but may differ in the physical implementation. As an analysis tool, IGD provides uniform interface to existing programs and program packages for structure and sequence analysis, genetic and physical map construction and analysis, etc.
This poster describes some work that has been carried out to try to determine the types of activities (e.g. research, teaching, leisure) that are being carried out using JANET resources.
With advances in communications technologies, organisations have spread over continents and teleworking from home has thrived. However, this poses problems in keeping workers in touch with each other, especially when they are involved in group work. I believe that the linking of MOO and Web technologies could solve some of these problems. When hypertext was first conceived by Vanavar Bush, he envisioned a growing, evolving set of information. This growing set of information, I now refer to as a 'living document'. Examples living document applications are the Usenet News hierarchies, Organisational Information Systems (OIS) and Design Rationale (DR).
The Crystallography Department of Birkbeck College, in collaboration with the Virtual School of Natural Sciences presents the first universal multimedia hypercourse on the Internet. Free to all participants, the course uses everyday hardware with new, free, software to present.
One of the primary goals of medical informatics is to develop really useful tools that support patients, physicians, nurses or other health care professionalists by making use of the existing methods and techniques of information technology, telecommunication, management and organization theory. At the time we are starting a project that is going to provide the Tyrolean citizens with an information network about the health system, its institutions and organizations. In the following paper we present the aim of this project - the goals, the benefits and our strategy to establish the system and getting it widely used.
The Electronic Mall Bodensee shall serve as a virtual forum for the businesses and the people mainly from the region around the Bodensee. All the districts bordering the Bodensee suffer from their geographic location at the edge of their countries (Germany, Austria and Switzerland). On the other side there is a specific cohesion between the people of the region. This new platform is intended to stimulate and accelerate the commercial activities and communication across the borders in the Euregio Bodensee. At the same time the Electronic Mall will link the region to the emerging global village. Hence the businesses of the region will have access to the global marketplace. The basic goal of the project is to build a modern telematic infrastructure for commerce and communication primarily for the Euregio Bodensee. The Electronic Mall Bodensee will be implemented based on World Wide Web technology. A first prototype is planned for mid-1995. The results and elaborated concepts from the IWI competence centers TeleCounter sand Electronic Markets will be the basic building blocks for the Electronic Mall Bodensee.
The Internet Public Library (IPL) is a WWW-based library created to serve the needs of the internet community. Multiple formatted information is gatewayed through an HTML front page which provides access to a variety of information sources.
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), has developed HazDat, a The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), has developed HazDat, a database that contains information on toxic substances released into the environment and information about the effects on human health that might be caused by exposure to these toxic substances. GSQL is a simple forms interface between Mosaic and SQL relational databases that has been used at ATSDR to build a forms-based database access application that allows the user to "drill down" through the information in ATSDR's Internet HazDat database. The forms-based application provides the user with seamless, easy-to-use access to relational database tables, metadata in a data dictionary, HTML hypertext documents, and images.database that contains information on toxic substances released into the environment and information about the effects on human health that might be caused by exposure to these toxic substances. GSQL is a simple forms interface between Mosaic and SQL relational databases that has been used at ATSDR to build a forms-based database access application that allows the user to "drill down" through the information in ATSDR's Internet HazDat database. The forms-based application provides the user with seamless, easy-to-use access to relational database tables, metadata in a data dictionary, HTML hypertext documents, and images.
The astronomical community has become rapidly a wide user of the World Wide Web. It proved to be particularly useful at many different levels: individual institutes providing descriptions of their local facilities, often including links to staff personal pages; distributed organizations, often at an international scale, with cross-referenced sets of documents from different sites; databases and information systems related to specific space or ground-based observing facilities; networks of astronomical or related space science facilities listed above; yellow-page services and compilations of anchors towards all these services, including databases of personal pages, which can be browsed or searched by keywords.
This demonstration is supposed to complement our paper entitled "Serving Information to the Web with Hyper-G". We will show Hyper-G using Harmony (the UNIX/X11 client for Hyper-G) and running a local Hyper-G server. Emphasis is on demonstration of the authoring capabilities of Harmony, and to show how the features provided by Hyper-G's link database help the author in preparation of a consistent information space.
HTML 2.0 conform WWW-pages currently contain text, graphics and dialog elements. Presentation of other data and media is restricted to external viewers. Usually, the presentation of such data begins after a data unit, e.g. a file, has been completely retrieved from a server. Thus contignuous media cannot be put directly (inline) on a WWW-page. A WWW-page has to be reloaded entirely, in order to get an updated view . Discussions are going on about inline media other than graphics, like audio and video. How this can be done is still subject of active research. New protocols, protocol elements and extensions to HTML have been proposed to achieve this. However, changes to existing standards which are widely and intensively used should be made very carefully. If possible, they should be avoided altogether. We therefore suggest that all capabilities of accepted standards be made use of first.
Browsing the World-Wide Web via graphical browsers like Netscape or Mosaic is easy. The users
have powerful tools to read the huge amount of on-line information's. But not everybody is satisfied
by merelyreading documents, many people want to provide information themselves.
But there is a big barrier to surmount, the knowledge of the special hypertext mark-up language
(HTML) used by the WWW. To minimise that handicap, a variety of tools have been developed to
assist editing and creating Web documents.
In the Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics we are developing a WYSIWYG Web-editor. This
tools allows the user to edit HTML documents like normal text document without knowledge of
HTML. At the moment the editor supports the HTML 2.0 standard. There is a possibility to
configure the DTD, means the description of the HTML syntax, to configure the editor for future
changes of HTML. Since the editor bases on this syntax description, a user can't create incorrect
documents.
MultiTorg Opera is an MS-Windows World Wide Web browser. The work on MultiTorg Opera was started in the summer of 1994. MultiTorg Opera is written from scratch. We did consider using libwww, but decided not to use it as that would limit what we could achieve and make the code far larger than we wanted. In addition, libwww would not compile for Windows when we started working on the browser.
This project represents a convergence of, and will build upon, a number of other projects presently being undertaken within the University of Brighton, concerned with the use of IT in teaching and learning. Some of these projects are concerned with the development of highly interactive learning materials designed to be delivered via a Local Area Network (LAN). Other projects are concerned with looking at how the World Wide Web (WWW) can be developed to provide student centred distance learning material .
We propose to build an HTML authoring tool with functionality specifically geared towards creating educational hypermedia resources. This will require a specification of a lessonware(1) structure which is general enough to support a very diverse range of educational styles, while still being precise enough to enable the development of tools which support the creation and manipulation of such structures. Such tools will communicate with multimedia databases containing lessonware components ( HTML, Video, Audio, Imagemaps, Forms etc. ) and will enable authors to configure and re-configure components within the generic lessonware structure. As this structure and the lessonware which it describes is specifically designed for use on WWW, we refer to it as W3L essonware.
MICE (Multimedia Integrated Conferencing for European Researchers) is a project funded by the EU. It was started with the goal to pilot multimedia conferencing between European researchers, and connecting them to sites in the US. A key factor was that scientists should be able to use their regular workstations and networks (internet in particular) for this purpose. Multiway connections between six European countries and the US have been successfully tested and used for multimedia conferences with audio, video and shared workspace data. The technology developed has been used in regular weekly project meetings and in international seminar series on topics from multimedia and CSCW technologies. It has been demonstrated successfully in public events at the JENC, IETF, and INTEROP conferences. At present, the MICE-WWW-Server at UCL (http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/mice/mice.html) offers only some static background information like abstracts on seminar talks or dates of future events. However, current conferences are not visible over the WWW, and access to a conference via WWW is not (yet) realized by MICE. Our demonstration will show that access to MICE conferences through WWW is technically feasable. It will bring the conference overview into a WWW-page and even allow the WWW-reader to select conferencing tools in order to participate in this conference.
WebFORCE is a combination of authoring, serving, browsing, and utility applications designed to provide a comprehensive WWW solution. There are several key components to WebFORCE:
The presentation will concentrate on the authoring portion along with how users can create and deliver HTML documents.
The University of Tbingen is an academic institution with large faculties in theology, the humanities, law and economics, as well as medicine and natural sciences. Since the local information system covers the activities of the whole university, a browser with a graphical user interface with menus in the native language (German, French,...) was needed.
The concept for the Information System at the University of Tbingen includes access to information terminals in public areas, now also known as kiosks.
Our design goal was to limit the user as little as possible. Only saving to local files, anonymous mail and, of course, any direct or indirect access to a shell is switched off.
I propose a demonstration with poster of the UNC-CH Email ID Database Lookup, a HTTP front-end to the Email ID Database on UNC-CH Administrative Data Processing's SYBASE server. The Email ID Database contains email ids, addresses, and phone numbers for members of the UNC-CH community. The demonstration will start at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's home page, move to the directories page, and then the query page for the database lookup. I plan to perform two or three queries to illustrate the lookup features.
The poster will detail what goes on behind the scenes. It will include a diagram of all the components of the application and details of the HTML form, the UNIX shellscript, and the C program that calls the DB-Library routines that perform the query and display the results.
Starting with the idea that software developers in a team have a kind of provider - client relationship, the documentation of external libraries has been taken as template to generate internal documentation as well.
Using this approach ASCODA was designed as tool for software documentation. ASCODA is a tool that allows developers to generate software documentation out of source code and to view this documentation in WWW viewers. ASCODA parses the code on access time and creates out of standard headers HTML documents. Any relating document (e.g. architecture or design documents) may be integrated.
In the project "Generierung intelligenter Bedienoberflchen" we use a WWW browser as an online help system to guide the user during his work with various interactive applications. While an application is running a user guidance component generates help pages on the fly describing operations the user can actually perform on the user interface. As these operations can be called directly from the browser, it can be regarded as an alternative user interface of the application. First experiences have shown that especially the unexperienced user prefers to use the WWW-based user interface because additional information and orientation help is available there.
The World Wide Web is now widely used to access information, which is in the form of documents. Documents are either static or generated on request by programs addressed by the Common Gateway Interface In contrast to this, the MMM project investigates how to use the Web for accessing algorithms via the World Wide Web. The objective of the project is to take implementations of sophisticated algorithms from fields such as statistics, econometrics, theoretical computer science and combinatorial optimization, and make them available via the Internet without users having to install them themselves. Instead of downloading the software from an FTP server, they just send their data to the algorithms. In summary, our system will be an easy-to-use distributed computing environment on the Web.
Systems that operate as WEB Applications need three essential guidelines in order to succeed. These three guidelines define for a user the look and feel of the application. For many applications, the correspondence of HTML Fill-out FORMs and backend CGI Compliant programs remains at one to one. One Simple FORM and one simple program do not suffice in large scale applications with multiple step transactions unsuitable for simple hypertext; one program outputs an HTML fill-out FORM for the next program. When faced with this level of complicity, one needs to institute the three basic guidelines. First, an application must project a consistent user interface. Any and all interaction between man and machine must be performed in the same manner each and every time. Similar operations operate similiarly. Above all, the user must feel a high level of comfort with this Fill-out FORM interface. Secondly, programmers do not write HTML; programmers write programs that encapsulate data with appropriate and consistent HTML encoding. Generally, one needs a format for description of a screen, its purpose and functionality. From this description, programs generate an HTML page that conforms to the interface standards. Also, programs generate programs from that description to handle FORM data, if any, on that HTML page. Thus, the dynamics of the application hinge on the combination of data and logic (application) rather than data alone (hypertext). Third, these applications must rely on HTML for carrying the bulk of user interface processing. Just as any application relies on a 4GL for user interface, WEB applications must rely on HTML to bear that burden, as well. Thus, WEB applications look for more flexibility and functionality from HTML as a language and HTTP as a protocol. This paper demonstrates the implemention of the three golden rules. It explores the pitfalls of HTML/HTTP in WEB application development and offers suggestions where modifications become useful.
HyperSource extends hypermedia to the area of program development: Source code and documentation are developed as structured multimedia documents. Marginal annotations and images comment the source code. Links help the reader navigate through it, and find the documentation for a certain piece of code. This makes programs easier to develop, read, understand, and thus reuse. The concept can also be applied easily to the area of computer-based learning, especially to computer science practicals. The project includes the implementation of a real-world development system, based on widespread existing tools and the HTML standard for structured documents.
Many old programs are interesting for the value of the information they control, yet their use is awkward since they were written many years ago, when not much attention was paid to the user interface, also due to the primitive technology of those dark ages (15 years ago). Often their code is not documented, and to put the hands in their code is a task too horrible to contemplate. It would therefore be desirable to be able to apply, with little effort, some aesthetic surgery on them without risking to attempt on their health. In this paper we suggest that WWW can provide a safe and relatively inexpensive mean to build a better user interface to them, and present an example.
The Advanced Network Management group at the IBM Research Laboratory in Rschlikon, Switzerland, has been working on the management of large telecommunication networks for several years now. Its current research is focused on OSI Systems Management.
OSI Systems Management is a powerful way to manage the large networks many telecommunications companies have built during the last years. The TMN (Telecommunications Management Network) standards will continue to accumulate inportance for service providers and network equipment vendors, as TMNs main points - interoperability, integration and automation - will be major issues in network management for the remainder of this decade.
An issue of great importance when implementing applications is the user interface. Far too often,
programs pass the underlying complexity on to the user or choose the wrong presentation for data and
make things even worse.
Based on its specific addressing scheme -- URL, WWW is capable of addressing information resources from other information services, and therefore integrate them as well as its HTML documents into an information universe as a whole. Universal clients are also supported to provide a user with a consistent view in navigation. More important, third-party applications are capable of accessing WWW and further processing. In fact, WWW forms a large-scale sharable information base, which is very meaningful for world-wide information sharing, information exchange and co-operative work. In this paper we discuss WWW regarding these aspects and present our experience of interoperating our HyperPicture , a general hypertext system developed in our institute, with WWW.
The World-Wide-Web is an extremely efficient environment for fostering agility in manufacturing and for real-time information flow among the global research and manufacturing enterprises. This paper describes two prototypes that incorporate computer aided design (CAD) and manufacturing (CAM) packages, and a standard visualization package (AVS), under the web. The prototypes are currently under evaluation through field deployment. The results obtained from the field deployment will be discussed during the presentation.
Information Technology as a whole is going through drastic changes. The explosion of interest in the Internet and the introduction and wide acceptance of the WWW are all signs of this. These changes offer the area of Graphic Information Systems (GIS) some large and not-to-be-ignored possibilities. In order to take full advantage of these possibilities, however, the current isolationist approach to GIS applications has to change. The Open GIS Architecture (OGA) was developed in order to bridge the gap between existing GIS databases.
This paper describes a method that allows progressive and scalable image transfer over the World Wide Web (WWW or W3). Images are converted into the appropriate format - sliced and compressed - on the server's side. At the client's request, with the desired image quality specified, the server sends chunks of data through the network. The client cumulatively builds the image while applying additional image enhancement operations on the data obtained so far. The ability to specify desired image quality allows a client to satisfy constraints imposed by line bandwidth and response time. This method is illustrated with 8 bit gray scale and true color (24 bit) images.
Recently, many authoring tools have been developed to enable users making easy presentations of their documents on the Web. A class of such tools deals with filters or translators from some application shell to HTML. Their development has essentially been motivated by two main reasons:
Usenet newsgroups provide an excellent way to send information instantly around the world, via a proven system of distribution that uses few resources on any individual machine. People create and change World-Wide Web resources constantly, and they need ways to publicize it without sacrificing one machine to the stresses of thousands of accesses an hour. The newsgroup comp.infosystems.www.announce connects the Web and Usenet for the benefit of both providers and users.
In April 1994 a provisional cache server for German universities was installed in Frankfurt. Seven universities are currently participating. Statistics are presented and experiences are discussed.
This document presents some ideas on how to architect a system that would allow remote programs (such as X clients) to be activated and render themselves directly onto Web browser screens, thereby offering Web information providers a much better and finer control over the exact presentation of their documents, or with the ability to demonstrate real applications or products thru the Web.
We developed a tool for generating, analysing, checking, retrieving and storing forms and form submissions. It was implemented in PERL5.
This document deals with the multilingual normalization of the Web. Fixing the ground rules should:
Internet services are increasingly used for the transmission of
sensitive and economical data. Commercial WWW service providers or
teleshops allow cashless payment, where clients have to enter besides
other personal data their credit card number. This is obviously a security
hole. Moreover, the network used by WWW is open and contains considerably
security risks.
In spite of the insecurity of the network used, how can WWW data and
HTML communication be protected against unauthorised manipulation or
access?
These are necessary security enhancements to the existing WWW application:
One way how to provide security in WWW is to equip the HTML protocol with additional tokens and built-in-facilities. Another approach is to use existent tools that cooperate with the running WWW browser, independant of the current HTML version and transmission protocol, and started as a separate client-side process. In the actual situation we prefer the latter possibility of security enhanced WWW.
In our demonstration we want to present our implementation of Privacy Enhanced Mail. Originally, it was designed for electronic mail. However, it is applicable to any type of text-oriented data and therefore, it is also suitable for WWW communication.
Web communication is typically of a discrete nature where the browser communicates with servers via synchronous, connectionless, interactions. Here I examine a method for creating live (or asynchronous, continuous) interactions which can expand the dynamic nature of communications on the Web.
All distributed hypertext infostructures [Til94] have a connected structure. A weblet is a concept which captures this structure in a directed graph (DG) [Ber73]. This paper describes the design of a tool to capture the local structure and remote references of any Web delivered under an HTTP-compatible server; describes its applications; projects a future Web re-structuring tool; and mentions future advanced functionality. The Weblet tool operates sans HTTP[HTT94] server.
Due to its easy and user-friendly features, the world-wide web (WWW) has become one of the most popular tools in the internet. It allows fast and easy access to a huge amount of information all over the world whilst sparing the user the effort to care about the location of the information he is looking for; a click on the appropriate hyperlink automatically directs the user to the correct place. Usage of the WWW for commercial purposes, however, is currently not very widespread due to the lack of proper security features in the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and the applications using HTTP: