There are two major online user activities on the Web. The first type of user activities is the well-studied browsing activity, i.e., how user visits Web pages on one or more Web sites. The second type, searching activity, is under great attention recently. Since the past decade, people started to study the phenomenon of search engines, their impact and user search behavior by surveying, statistical log analysis, and search presentation study [1] [3][6][7][8]. A comprehensive review on Web searching studies can be found in [13]. Recently there has been more and more work being done in the field of understanding goals and intention of search users. Understanding goals and preferences behind user's search activities can help different types of information providers (e.g., search engines, E-Commerce sites, and online advertising businesses), to personalize search results and thus improve user satisfaction. Pilot research and applications can be found in [2][11][10][12] and [14].
In [1] and [7], user's search intention / goals were classified into three general categories: Navigational, Informational and Transactional or Resource. The goal of a navigational query is to reach a particular web site; the intent of an informational query is to acquire information on web pages; and a user who inputs transactional queries are to perform some "web-mediated" activity. User search goals can also be represented using topical categories ([9][18] and [22]) or location attributes [21]. A few efforts have been invested in automatically identify user search goals [4][10][20][21].
Often times, information providers would like to know whether a user has intention to purchase or participate in commercial services, which we call "Online Commercial Intention" or OCI. Online Commercial Intention has broader scope than general search intention discussed in [1] and [7]. First of all, OCI can be applied on both searching and browsing activities. Secondly, OCI of a search user can be seen as another independent dimension of search intention besides the three categories: Navigational, Informational and Transactional / Resource. Table 1 shows that Online Commercial Intention (OCI) can cover all three of the previously defined types of search goals and can be seen as a new dimension of user search goals.
Table 1: Online Commercial Intention vs Three Search Goal Categories
| Commercial | Non-Commercial | |
|---|---|---|
|
Navigational |
walmart |
hotmail |
|
Informational |
Digital camera |
San Francisco |
|
Transactional / Resource |
U2 music download |
Collide lyrics |
In addition, Online Commercial Intention can be further extended to reflect what phase a user is in during a user's commercial activity. We call it Commercial Activity Phase (CAP). Usually online users will do some research before making their mind to purchase. Therefore we define two Commercial Activity Phases: Research and Commit. During research phase, users may search for general information of their need, look at product information and reviews, search for deals, compare prices, etc. They may come to commit phase when they make up their mind. Usually at this phase users will reach the transaction pages, or go offline to complete the commercial activity.
Knowing Online Commercial Intention (OCI), information providers could adopt different strategies when providing service to users who intend to purchase versus the users who don't intend to purchase. For example, commercial intention can be integrated into any recommender system's ranking algorithm so that recommendation results can be ranked based on the OCI. Another advantage of learning commercial intention is that information providers can detect user's commercial value. A user submits query "who is the 20th president of United States" has little commercial value, while the user who submits query "honeymoon suite in Maui" is much more attractive to Ecommerce Web sites, search engines or advertisers because they are more likely to be online shoppers.
When studying Online Commercial Intention (OCI), we can learn individual users' intention from their behavior; we can also understand the general intention at the level of search queries or Web pages. In this paper, we focus our attention on OCI of search queries or Web pages.
We define online commercial Intention (OCI) to be a function from a query or Web page to binary value: Commercial or Non-Commercial. More specifically, if the general purpose of users submitting a query or visiting a Web page is to commit a commercial activity, such as purchase, auction, selling, or paid service, the query / Web page will be treated as Commercial. If accessing the query or the Web page has little to do with any commercial service or activity, the query / Web page is considered as non-commercial.
There are several challenges in determining OCI from search queries. First of all, most search query terms do not explicitly contain terms that tell commercial intention. We found that only a small percentage of search queries have explicit terms indicating commercial intention. Furthermore, search queries are usually very short. According to [13] and [6], the average length of search queries in general purpose search engines is about two terms. Therefore, we will need help from external data sources in order to capture queries' online commercial intention.
In the last two years, there have been studies in learning different types of attributes from search queries by means of external information. In [10], authors adopted multiple types of information, e.g., different query term distribution in independent document set, mutual information, the usage rate as anchor texts, and POS information, to classify search query into navigational or informational categories. The same query categorization problem was visited again by Lee et al. [20]. They built query classifiers based on past user-click behavior and anchor-link distribution to achieve the same query categorization problem. Lee Wang et al. [21] built location information detector based on multiple data sources, including query result page content (snippets) and query logs. In [15], similarity between two queries was computed from both the keywords similarity and the common search result landing pages selected by users. For Web pages, the problem is less serious because pages are usually longer than search queries.
Subjectivity of the definition of OCI is another challenge for both search queries and Web pages. Some search queries / Web pages may be ambiguous in their senses of commercial intention. A user may be interested in learning the non-commercial side of the information about a commercial product/service. However, because we consider the general purpose of the query/Web page, i.e., the purpose that is agreed by majority of users who used this query, we assume that an average online user has a commercial intention if he/she accesses a query or a Web page about a commercial product or service. We will discuss the details of labeling process in 4.2.
In this paper, we present a solution to detect online commercial intention (OCI). The contributions of this paper include:
1. A formal definition of online commercial intention - OCI
2. A notion of Commercial Activity Phase (CAP)
3. A supervised learning system to learn OCI of search queries and Web pages
4. A comprehensive evaluation of our solutions.
5. An interesting finding about the relation between query frequency and query's OCI.
The rest of this paper is arranged as following: Section 2 introduces the definition of OCI and section 3 discusses our methodology of building machine learning models to detect OCI from search queries and Web pages. Section 4 presents experiment and evaluation. In section 5 we propose future work in learning the online commercial intention framework and related applications.
We define online commercial Intention (OCI) to be a function from a query or a Web page to a binary value: Commercial or Non-Commercial. More specifically, if the general purpose of users submitting the query or visiting a Web page is to commit a commercial activity, such as purchase, auction, selling, or paid service, the query can be treated as Commercial. Otherwise, the query / Web page is considered as non-commercial. We treat the problem of determining OCI as binary classification: given a search query / Web page, assign the query / Web page into one of the two classes: Commercial versus Non-Commercial.
Here we formally define OCI (Online Commercial Intention).
Given:
1. Terms: T is the set of all possible terms.
2. Queries: Q is the set of search queries of which we want to determine the commercial intention. A search query q is a sequence of terms in T.
3. Domain of Web pages P as the set of all Web pages on the Web.
4. Online Commercial Intention Value = {Commercial, Non-Commercial}
Our goal is to compute two functions
Let's also define 
to be the landing
page on rank k in the search result of query q.
One intuitive approach is to utilize existing concept hierarchy or categories. For an existing taxonomy, we could label each concept/category to "Commercial" or "Non-Commercial". Then we map page content to matching concepts or topic categories, The OCI label of the concept/category will become the OCI of the page. Let's call this approach "the taxonomy-based approach".
The taxonomy based approach has shortcomings. Firstly for many categories (taxonomy entries), it is very difficult to assign a single commercial tag or a non-commercial tag to them. For example, for the category "art", it contains both commercial and non-commercial Web pages: a page about art history is a Non-Commercial page; while a painting auction page is a Commercial page. Secondly, the taxonomy based approach is less efficient. The taxonomy based approach needs to extract features for each category entry, whereas if we want to separate the commercial/non-commercial pages, we just need to extract the commercial features to do the classification. Lastly, the taxonomy-based approach may be less accurate because the categorization error of all the entries will be aggregated with the commercial/non-commercial tagging error.
In the following subsections, we discuss the process of acquiring labeled data and learning OCI from Web pages and search queries.
It is desirable if we could probe into the whole life cycle of user's online activity to understand the user's intention. Here is an ideal labeling scenario: assume we have complete user activity histories, including every action from the beginning to the end of the user session. If the session leads to a completion of a commercial activity, the queries and Web pages in this session should be labeled as commercial. When there are a statistically sufficient number of such sessions for a specific query or Web page, we would be able to label the query or Web page's commercial intention using the majority vote: if majority of sessions containing this query / Web page led to a commercial activity, label the query / Web page as commercial.
In reality it is hard and expensive to collect the data described above. Many online sessions with commercial intention may not end up with online commercial activity. After acquiring price and other product information, many search users may call the stores or go to the stores physically to complete the purchase. Furthermore, for detecting OCI of search queries, tracking user activity after user leaves the search engine would require client side agent, which brings privacy issues.
We adopted the human-evaluation approach: asking human labelers to judge the general commercial intention of search queries or Web pages. In the labeling process, we asked human labelers to consider the purpose of the search query or Web pages from the perspective of general online users. If the general purpose of submitting the query or visiting the page is to commit a commercial activity, human labeler should label it as "Commercial". Human labelers will mark the query or the Web page as "Non-Commercial" if the general purpose of submitting the query or visiting the page has little to do with any commercial activity. If a human labeler is not sure about the intention behind the query / Web page, she/he can label it as "Confusing". A page is labeled only if majority of labelers agree on the labeling. Note that each search query / Web page is labeled with its general commercial intention. In this paper, we do not consider the commercial intention in individual user sessions.
In this section, we will build a framework
to learn Web page OCI. We call the model built from this
framework as "Page OCI Detector". More specifically, given a
Web page P, the page OCI detector is designed to detect OCI of
p: 
.
The framework is described in the following figure:
Figure 1:Framework of Learning Page OCI - Training
We first extract keywords (here a keyword is a single term in T) from both inner text and tag attributes of all the labeled Web page in the training data.
The next step is feature selection. Intuitively a good feature should be "significant" in order to distinguish between class labels. At the same time, it should also be frequent enough to be reliable and representative.
The measure of significance is defined as following:
and the measure of frequency is defined as following:
where 
is
the probability of the keyword k occurring in a Web page
belonging to class C. Here 
means positive class and
represents
negative class (commercial and non-commercial respectively in
our case). Thus, 
and
are real numbers
between 0 and 1. We set thresholds for 
and 
to select "good"
keywords.
After keyword extraction and selection, we
will obtain a keyword set 
where 
is the ith
selected keyword and n is the total number of selected
keywords.
We define two aspects of properties for
each keyword in a page p:
1. 
= Number of elements
that the keyword appeared in its inner text in p / Total number
of elements in page p.
2. 
= Number of elements
that the keyword appeared in its tag attributes in p / Total
number of elements in page p.
The first aspect reflects the general textual information of the Web page, while the second dimension tracks the text on special elements, such as buttons, images, and forms, etc. For example, text "order" on a button has very different role of its appearance as general text. Both numbers were also smoothed by power of 1/8 because most of them are too close to 0.
Thus, for a page p with n keywords, page p can be represented using a vector with 2*n dimensions:
Such vectors will become the input to a standard classification algorithm. In our experiment, we adopt SVM [17] as the classification algorithm. Using SVM algorithm, we acquire a model for page commercial intention detection.
Figure 2: Framework of Learning Page OCI - Prediction
Figure 3: Build a General Page OCI Detector
When predicting a Web page's commercial intention, we will need to extract the features via the keywords that have been selected in the training phase from the target Web page. Then we use the same 2-aspect approach to form a 2*n dimensional input vector to the model built in the training phase. Figure 2 shows the process of detecting commercial intention based on page content. Figure 3 depicts the process of training the general Web page OCI detector and using it to make predictions. The details of labeling process and analysis are discussed in sections 3.1 and 4.2.
There are four types of data sources that are available and may contribute to detecting the query OCI:
1. Constituent terms of search query
2. Content of top landing pages recommended by search engine
3. Content of search result page
4. The number of user clicks of landing pages recommended by search engine
Some queries can be detected with their commercial intentions directly because they have explicit commercial indicators in the queries, such as "airline ticket deals" or "digital camera price". However, most other queries with commercial intention do not contain explicit commercial indictors, e.g., "used car", or "home depot". In our initial investigation, we composed a set of explicit commercial indicators based on common sense and knowledge. These terms include: "price", "cheap", "buy", "sell", "sale", "rent", "purchase", "auction", "deal", "coupon", "discount", "lease", "bargain", "retail", "advertise", "bidding", and "market" etc. Our statistics show that a very small percentage of queries contain explicit commercial intention indicators. Furthermore, it is hard to find explicit indicators for non-commercial intentions. Relying on search query terms will also suffer badly from the problem of data sparseness.
Landing pages recommended by search engine (the second data source), especially at top ranks, give deeper exploration of a user's intention when we study the actual page content of these top-returned result URLs.
Search result pages (the third data source) usually contain title, short descriptions, and URL links to the recommended landing pages. The title and description provide relevant information about what the user is searching for. MSN search engine also provides relatively constant length for titles and descriptions in search result page. Therefore the length of search result page is much more stable comparing to arbitrary Web pages and search queries. Nowadays search engines also return sponsored links to commercial queries. Inclusion of sponsored links is helpful in detecting commercial search intention. In this paper, we are interested in the first search result page because it usually contains the most relevant result for search queries.
In addition, if we could observe the click distribution of landing pages recommended by search engine (the fourth data source), we would be able to get a good understanding of the general purpose of the query by applying statistical analysis on how users select search results. However, users may have certain levels of trust on the results provided by search engine. The level of trust may generate some bias on which result URLs a user picks.
We propose to build OCI detectors on the 2nd and the 3rd data sources, that is, content of top landing pages and content of first search result page. We noticed that both the 2nd and the 3rd data sources are based on Web page content: search result page by itself is a Web page, and top landing URLs recommended by search engine are a collection of Web pages. Therefore we can reuse the framework of learning Web page OCI to learn commercial intention from search result page returned by search engine. The framework enables us to build one model for each type of Web page.
We are particularly interested in finding out which data source is more effective: query snippets, result page content, or the combination of the two data sources.
Most search queries do not contain explicit indicators for commercial intentions. A typical example is "digital camera". Therefore, we will need external help to understand the meaning of the query.
In this section we will build models using the content of Web pages that have top rankings in search results to predict query commercial intention. There are usually a constant number of recommended landing pages (the number is usually 10 in MSN search) in the first result page returned from search engine.
Note that we already have a general page OCI detector (described in 3.2). We just need to use the detector to detect the OCI of top search result landing pages, and then combine the results of page OCI together as the query OCI. For a query q, sending the top N search result landing pages to general page OCI detector will get an N dimensional vector:
where 
is
the Web page that has rank i in the search result of query q.
In order to compute the query OCI, the
simplest method is to average the OCI of the top N search
result landing pages. However, this method ignores the factor
of the ranking of search results. For example, higher ranking
landing pages are likely to be more relevant to the query. In
order to consider rankings in combining the page OCI of top
URLs, we let the supervised learning algorithm to learn the
best combination of the N factors. We use SVM to train the
combining factors. The input of the SVM algorithm is the N
dimensional vector above. We use the notion of
to represent the OCI
predicted from the top landing pages for query q.
Figure 4 describes the logic flow of training the models based on top N search result landing pages. Figure 5 describes the logic flow of predicting query OCI based on the models from top N search result landing pages.
Figure 4: Detect OCI based on Search Result Landing Pages - Training
Figure 5: Detect OCI based on Search Result Landing Pages - Prediction
First search result pages usually contain structured information on each recommended landing pages. We call such structured information "Query Snippets". They are valuable because:
1) Search engine provide reasonable relevance in the first result page;
2) Query snippets usually contain the part of the landing pages that matches the search query, therefore, more relevant than rest of the page content;
3) Query snippets usually have controlled length, therefore convenient for text processing.
We use the notion of 
to represent the OCI
predicted from the first search result page-based model for
query q. Figure 6 illustrates the process of detecting query's
OCI from first search result pages.
Figure 6: Detecting OCI from First Search Result Page
We chose to get search result pages from MSN search and use the default settings that give us 10 query snippets. For each training search query with its commercial intention label, we acquire the first search result page via the search engine. Thus the labeled query set will become the labeled first search result page set. And then we can apply the framework of learning page commercial intention (see Figure 1) on this labeled page set to build a search result page commercial intention detector.
When making predictions on a search query's commercial intention, we first send the query to the search engine and acquire the first search result page. Applying the page to the search result page commercial intention detector will get the query's commercial intention.
There are a few data sets that we collected for the purpose of training and evaluation.
1. For the models for detecting query commercial intention, we randomly picked 1408 US English search queries from a one day MSN search log.
2. We collected the first search result page for the above 1408 search queries.
3. We also collected top 10 search result landing pages for the1408 search queries.
4. In order to build the general page commercial intention detector, we randomly picked 26186 English Web pages on the Web.
We asked 3 human labelers to label the search queries and pages. Each query or page is labeled as "commercial", "non-commercial", or "confused". Each query was labeled by the 3 labelers separately. After labeling process on queries, we keep the queries / pages that were agreed by at least two labelers with non-confused labels. Finally we got 1392 "commercial" and "non-commercial" search queries and 25897 "commercial" and "non-commercial" English Web pages. Table 2 shows the distribution of pages and queries among labeled pages and queries.
Table 2: OCI Distribution among Labeled Pages and Queries
| Pages | Queries | |
|---|---|---|
| Commercial | 4074 | 602 |
| Non-Commercial | 21823 | 790 |
| Confused | 289 | 16 |
| Total | 26186 | 1408 |
This is an unbalanced classification problem, and the majority of Web pages are non-commercial pages. Since we could only use a limited number of training pages to ensure an acceptable convergence rate of the SVM training algorithm, we use an active learning approach to select some pages around the hyperplane as training examples. We selected all commercial pages and the equal number of non-commercial pages to train and test our initial model. After that, we asked the labelers to randomly pick pages on the Web and use the initial model to get the labels of those pages. We kept adding the misclassified pages into our data set. Thus we obtain a balanced data set containing 10964 pages. In the following section, we will use this data set to train and evaluate the page OCI detector. In this way, we could avoid including many non-commercial pages which are far away from the hyperplane. It's well known that those training examples that lie far away from the hyperplane barely participate in finding the hyperplane. Note that the mislabeled pages are added to both the training set and the testing set.
To evaluate the page OCI detector, we divided the data set prepared in the previous section into train set and test set equally. Table 3 shows the distribution of commercial and non-commercial pages in training and test sets.
We first extract and select keywords on
the train set, and then train page OCI detector model based on
train set. Finally, the model will be evaluated on the
independent test set. In our experiments, we set the thresholds
for 
and 
to select different
number of keywords to see the performance based on different
keyword number, and find the best threshold value.
Table 3: OCI Distribution of Experiment Page Data Sets
| Train Set | Test Set | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Commercial | 2820 | 2936 | 5756 |
| Non-Commercial | 2555 | 2653 | 5208 |
| Total | 5375 | 5589 | 10964 |
To evaluate query OCI detector, we are interested in discovering what data source performs best in detecting OCI. We compare the model based on first search result page and the model based top N result landing pages using 3-fold cross validation. First, we randomly divide the 1392 queries into 3 folds, and then train a model on 2 folds and evaluate it on the other one.
We are interested in evaluating the detection power on commercial pages or queries by using standard IR evaluation measures [5] to evaluate our models:
In our experiments, the measure of keyword significance and frequency share the same threshold for simplicity. We call it keyword selection threshold.
Table 4: Performance of the Page OCI Detector
| Kwd Selection Threshold | Keyword Num. | CP | CR | CF |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.01 | 4523 | 0.814 | 0.907 | 0.858 |
| 0.03 | 1712 | 0.956 | 0.884 | 0.919 |
| 0.05 | 989 | 0.948 | 0.899 | 0.923 |
| 0.075 | 600 | 0.934 | 0.918 | 0.926 |
| 0.1 | 391 | 0.930 | 0.925 | 0.928 |
| 0.15 | 179 | 0.921 | 0.923 | 0.922 |
| 0.2 | 100 | 0.916 | 0.905 | 0.910 |
| 0.3 | 25 | 0.893 | 0.840 | 0.865 |
| 0.4 | 6 | 0.848 | 0.791 | 0.819 |
The evaluation results for different keyword selection thresholds were shown in Table 4, Figure 7 and Figure 8. From Table 4 and Figure 8, we get best performance in terms of CF when the threshold is 0.1. As we expected, the keyword number drops down sharply when the threshold increases (see Figure 7). And the model performance in terms of CF reaches a plateau to 0.928 when keyword selection threshold = 0.1 and then it gradually drops as when lifting the threshold.
Figure 7: Number of Keywords Selected under Different Keyword Selection Thresholds
Figure 8: Page OCI Detector Model Performance under Different Keyword Selection Thresholds
In the experiments, we built models based
on two types of data sources: content of search result page
, and content of top
N landing pages 
. Recall from
3.3.2 that in order to compute 
, we
first send top N search result landing pages to page OCI
detector, then we combine the results from page OCI detector to
compute the OCI of query q. For the reason of comparison, we
build two models, one using SVM to train the combination
factors, the other using naïve average to combine the
results from page OCI detectors. The evaluation results are
shown in the Figure 9. We can see the model based on first
search result page has an obvious advantage comparing with the
models based on top N result landing pages. The model using
naïve combination has the worst performance. This can be
explained from the fact that query snippets usually contain the
most relevant information of Web pages that matches the
query.
Figure 9: Query OCI Detector Performance Comparison between 3 Models (3-fold Cross Validation)
To gain deeper understanding of a general purpose search engine, we obtained a month search log from MSN search. We divided query frequency into 5 ranges: Single, Very Low, Low, Mid, and High. Queries falling into range "Single" are those queries only submitted once during one month period; while "High" frequency queries are the most popular queries. We randomly extract 10,000 queries in each query frequency range and form a 50,000 stratified sample.
Figure 10: OCI Distribution among Query Frequency Ranges
We apply the query OCI detector based on first search result page on the 50000 query sample. Figure 10 shows the OCI distribution among the 50K queries, from which we can see that 38% of search queries have commercial intention. There is an interesting trend in search queries: query set with higher frequency usually have larger portion of queries with commercial intention. 32% of queries with single frequency have commercial intention, while the portion of queries with commercial intention is 41% in high frequency queries.
The goal of this paper is to detect commercial intention from search queries and Web pages, i.e., when a user submits a query or browses a Web page, whether he / she is about to commit or is in the middle of a commercial activity, such as purchase, auction, selling, paid service, etc. We call the commercial intentions behind user's online activities OCI (Online Commercial Intention).
We also proposed the notion of "Commercial Activity Phase" (CAP), which identifies in which phase a user is in his/her commercial activities: Research or Commit.
We present the framework of building machine learning models to learn OCI based on any Web page content. Based on that framework, we build models to detect OCI from search queries and Web pages. Our framework trains learning models from two types of data sources for a given search query: content of returned first search result page and content of top pages returned by search engine. Our experiment showed that the model based on the first data source, i.e., returned first search result page content, achieved better performance.
We also discovered an interesting phenomenon that frequent queries are more likely to have commercial intention.
We will continue improving our algorithm to address the following issues:
1. Labeling effort. We are working on reducing labeling cost and subjectivity to improve the performance of the commercial intention detector. How to reduce the human subjectivity and automate labeling process is our next immediate task. We are interested in semi-supervised learning techniques to exploit the massive amount of unlabeled data.
2. Finding more effective and efficient features. In the future we will consider using other sources of data such as click data if it is available for the query.
3. Improving performance. Current solution requires sending queries to search engine, which make the unit response time rely on the search engine's response time. Solutions based on search result landing pages costs more time due to the cost from crawling top N pages. We will look into a more efficient method to obtain the context of search queries. We will also work on a better solution to find explicit commercial indicators, such as phrase-based solution.
4. Detecting Commercial Activity Phase (CAP). Current solution can detect whether or not a user has intention to commit a commercial activity. However, if we could tell at what stage the user is in the commercial activity, and how far it is to reach the actual purchase or other commitment, we could provide better personalized information service to individual users.
5. Detecting individual user's OCI based on his/her online behavior throughout an online session. Our current effort is focused on detecting general OCI for search queries or Web pages. However, as we have mentioned earlier, different users may have different intentions when accessing the same search query or Web pages, or may have different intentions on the same query in different phase of a purchase process. It will be interesting to consider the user session or online history as a whole unit to evaluate the user's OCI. It will be also worthwhile to investigate the evolution of a user's OCI over time.
Our thanks to MSN [16] for allowing us to access the search data.
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